Some of the most notorious corsairs were the Barbary corsairs of North Africa, who were aligned with the Ottoman Empire but were often beyond the empires ability to control them. An extreme form is contemporary political brigandage, which merges with political terrorism, blending political programs, covert violence, and protection rackets. Property, as a stand-in for its owner, was subjected to an excess of violence, such as the disembowelment of livestock, but not killed. On the other hand it suggests that ordinary peasants or pastoralists, the source of national folklore and the social stratum from whom bandits were traditionally recruited, possessed the right ethnic sentiments in rejecting foreign authority, exploitation, and other abuses. In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Local codes of behavior such as omert (Sicilian for "silence") obliged individuals to maintain a solidarity of silence and noncooperation with the authorities or risk extreme ostracism and revenge. Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. For this reason he was highly esteemed by the poor of Naples. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, The term violence is used to describe animal and human behavior that threatens to cause or causes severe harm to a target. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. Terms for cowboy vary with the region. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. "Banditry ed. Recent research has revealed that bandits cannot be generally identified with the itinerant population. About, Edmond. Not all of those creatures are particularly social or hang out in groups, but for those that do, youre treated to schools and fevers. The Rousseauesque utopia inverted traditional wisdoms and manufactured the bandit as the first modern primitive within the borders of Europe. In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. SOES Bandits Definition - Investopedia The Colombian Violencia offers another example of banditry, which even Hobsbawm acknowledges to be "in essence more political than social." A hares group is known as a husk, but the more used term that people would use is a drove of hares. Although they were supported by the local community whose yearnings for a prepolitical just world they embodied, they were usually betrayed. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. What are the 4 bandits names? While there isnt an official committee that says its a murder of crows or a crash of rhinos, its still worth knowing these different animal group names for your writing and personal knowledge. Spanish bandits of this period operated in many parts of the country, especially in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, and Castile. The persistence or decline of banditry depends upon a complex interplay of variables, including the social structure and political ecology of a particular region; the nature and distribution of property and capital accumulation (whether landed or movable and precarious, such as livestock) and the means available to legitimate it; the presence or absence of trust and its relationship to the development of civil society; underdeveloped electoral processes, which may encourage strong-arm tactics; and the predominance of permanent insecurity rather than permanent misery at the grass roots, the former being more conducive to banditry. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. Why did bandits steal? Bandits Kill 518 in Zangon Kataf in Five Years, Says ACDA BANDIT | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. BANDITRY. These elite-bandit alliances helped keep local oligarchies in power and gave a degree of legitimacy to the outlaws. Even Gilbert Joseph, who defends to a degree Hobsbawm's views, agrees that the political strategies of the peasants were not archaic "in the sense of being outmoded or pre-political.". Discourse on and about bandits in society indicates a great deal about that society and its power relations. Eric J. Hobsbawm coined the term "social bandits" to describe Robin Hood-style outlaws who championed the oppressed peasants. In Greece the notions of atichos (luckless) and moira (fate) were equally prevalent. However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Bandits, rev. The two interpretations are not necessarily opposed and indeed may coexist at different levels of analysis. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. Souna Yuuki is a young boy who survives a massacre after his family is killed by a group of bandits called the Hydras, who burn a mark of their emblem into his hand and leaves him to die. Wider comparisons highlight the similarities and differences among bandits as well as the roles of culture, regionalism, and other variables. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. So a murder of crows is one of the coolest (or at least memorable) animal group names. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). [27], Of course, the Ming government used a heavy hand to crack down on banditry. Sicarii | Jewish sect | Britannica The group called on the state government and security agencies to evacuate migrant herdsmen "to where they came from, as was done with Almajiris", to stop the attacks. Brigandage moved from being a question of individual barbarism that the state had to extirpate by aggressive actions such as massive repression to one of collective measurement, documentation, education, and economic development. The exact origin isnt well known, though it might allude to the crows association with death. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. "The 'Noble Bandit' and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-Century Andalusia." Banditry | Encyclopedia.com Two famous Italian politicians, Luigi Franchetti and Sidney Sonnino, who conducted a wide-ranging investigation in Sicily in the late nineteenth century, noted that, unless one introduced the notion of complicity, it was difficult to understand why there was such widespread peasant submission to the activities of bandits. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. [2], Pope Sixtus V had about 5,000 bandits executed in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout Central Italy. It is a specific form of arbitrary personal prepotency and agency with its own "aesthetic" and accompanying discourses, thriving on, and constituting itself through, a complex array of symbols. [29] Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. While you are within your rights to refer to them as a bunch of guys, animal species all have their own collective group names. Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. What does the name Bandit mean? As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. "The Greek Hero." Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. Privateers sometimes went beyond their commissions, attacking vessels that didnt belong to the targeted country. The following analysis focuses on this important category, where among other things causation has been carefully studied. In Andalusia local communists turned nineteenth-century bandits into protorebels in the regional cause, symbols in their devolutionist struggles with Madrid. Sometimes you look at a group of animals, and youre not really sure what to refer to them as collectively. War increased dislocation and unrest in the countryside, further encouraging banditry. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . If they existed in modern day times I'd refer to them as soldiers. Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. Richard Slatta, Gilbert Joseph, and others have begun placing Latin American banditry in a broader, more comparative perspective. What is a group of traveling merchants called? "Banditry Richard W. Slatta, ed., Bandidos: The Varieties of Latin American Banditry (1987). The collective name for a group of apes is called a shrewdness. LOCATION: central and western part of the Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern Europe) , Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, "Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the All, The independent (and sovereign) political community. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. B for Butterflies A group of butterflies is called a kaleidoscope (and when you imagine a massive group of them all taking wing it's easy to see why!) If you cover your face with a bandanna, jump on your horse, and rob the passengers on a train, you're a bandit. Rome, 1986. Morelia, Mexico: Instituto Michoacano de Cultura; Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. Jos Mara Lus Mora, 1999. Some outlaws gained reputations as social bandits and were celebrated in folklore and music.
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