What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? When taxi instructions are received from the controller, pilots should always read back: Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait, Controllers are required to request a read-back of runway hold short assignment when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle, The control tower also issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide service due to non-visibility or other reasons, This is usually done through ATIS/AWOS remarks, Begin taxi, monitoring ground frequency until into the run-up area, Exit the runway without delay, at the first available taxiway, or as instructed, All parts of the aircraft must be across the hold short line to be considered off the runway, When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions, An essential requirement in conducting safe taxi operations is where the pilot maintains situational awareness, Depending on the airport, parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled, The pilot should make themselves familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment, Especially at unfamiliar airports, review, and have available the, If routing is expected to be complex, consider listening to ground control, if able, on, The pilot must be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions, If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and check the clearance, It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew, When taxiing, the pilot's eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing and potential conflicts, especially at intersections, It is helpful to use internal callouts to accomplish this task: ", The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize any potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes, The pilot should accurately place the aircraft centered on the taxiway at all times, Some taxiways have above ground taxi lights and signage that could impact the airplane or propellers if the pilot does not exercise accurate control, When taxiing, the pilot must slow down before attempting a turn, Sharp high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in tire damage or an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop, Swerves are most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading, In moderate to high-wind conditions, the airplane may weathervane increasing the swerving tendency, Good operating practice dictates that pilots acknowledge all runway crossing, hold short, or takeoff clearances unless there is some misunderstanding, at which time the pilot should query the controller until the clearance is understood, NOTE: Air traffic controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read-back of all runway hold short instructions, Also, without clearance to cross a runway, you should never cross a red sign-think of it as a stop sign, Pilots operating a single pilot aircraft should monitor only assigned ATC communications after being cleared onto the active runway for departure. Be careful with assumptions. Always have a plan when you begin to move and avoid distracted taxiing by getting your flight deck set before leaving the parking space. Copyright 2023 Flying Media. But theres another, far more likely danger to think about. Proper effective scanning for other aircraft, surface vehicles, or other objects should be continuously exercised in all cases, At those airports where the U.S. Government operates the control tower and ATC has authorized noncompliance with the requirement for two-way radio communications while operating within the Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, or at those airports where the U.S. Government does not operate the control tower and radio communications cannot be established, pilots must obtain a clearance by visual light signal prior to taxiing on a runway and prior to takeoff and landing, Leaning the mixture could be helpful to save fuel, avoid fouled spark plugs, and reduce emissions when using 100LL during long taxi's or long waits for takeoff, If leaning, always remember to move the mixture back to rich before takeoff, Taxi speed is not explicitly regulated; however, common sense must apply so as not to operate in a "careless or reckless manner" (, While on a ramp, you should not taxi any faster than one can walk, While on a taxiway, you should not taxi faster than one can jog, When entering a turn, be mindful of the stress you are placing on the landing gear as you turn, Care must be exercised when taxiing at night, in low visibility, or toward the sun to remain situational awareness as to where you are and what is around you, This means half the speed and twice the caution, Runways are generally flat surfaces however small changes in elevation will impact the speed at which the aircraft moves, You will require more power uphill and less downhill, Every turn you make will impact the amount of power required to some degree, It is unlikely however, that you'll need to adjust than around 100 RPM to overcome to effects of slope, Avoid taxiing over any noticable dips on the surface that could put undue stress on the landing gear, or damage wheel pants, if applicable, If taxiing in cold weather conditions such as snow, ice, or slush, avoid taxiing over contaminated surfaces, if possible, If slush or ice is suspected to have contaminated the landing gear, consider touch-and-go's to clear ice from frozen gear, Taxi slower when objects on the surface have the potential to be kicked up onto the aircraft, Taxi speed is especially important in cold weather operations the aircraft may not only lose traction, but could kick up slush or water onto wings and control surfaces, increasing weight and possibly inhibiting range of motion, Crosswinds can effect an aircraft, even when moving at slower speeds on the ground during taxi, Moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator sometimes necessary to control pitch, Downwind taxiing will usually require less power and may require none, but do not ride the brakes, The upwind wing will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction, Weathervaning may occur as the wind effects a large portion of the aircrafts side [, This is more apparent in a tail wheel aircraft given the wheel is farther behind the center of gravity and comparatively farther from the main gear, The aileron and elevator should be positioned in such a way as to prevent undesirable effects on the aircraft, Remember the memory aid to: dive away and fly into the wind, The elevator must be neutral (for tricycle gear airplanes) or up (for tailwheel airplanes), Remember also that turns will require change the direction the wind is coming from relative to the aircraft, requiring a change in control positions, It will require a large amount of power to initially move the aircraft, As the aircraft starts to move, power must be retarded, possibly as far back as idle, to prevent continued acceleration, Steer with rudders, keeping your feet over, but not on, the breaks, Riding the brakes will reduce their lifespan and could render them less effective, Many high performance aircraft can produce enough thrust that riding the brakes may be necessary to keep the aircraft from speeding up; brake judiciously, Jet aircraft can be dangerous when exhaust is swept across an area, Reduce the power to idle in a turn, but remember an aircraft stopped in a turn takes a lot of power to get moving again, Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller, This may prevent visual confirmation of an aircraft's adherence to taxi instructions, If pilots become disoriented, it is vitally important to notify the controller immediately, Pilots should proceed with extreme caution when taxiing toward the sun, When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller, Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced "LVO SMIGS") describes an adequate example of a low visibility taxi plan for any airport which has takeoff or landing operations in less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility conditions. Type III fluids were formulated for use on small commuter-type aircraft with take-off rotation speeds that exceed approximately 60 knots. A couple of ASRS reports illustrate 0000040930 00000 n 0000249961 00000 n produce significant hazards to flight. 0000151754 00000 n }OWaMJMqh2AqFQZ-`/g25\_ R{jxHL{. Runways are generally much wider than taxiways, and as a result seeing signs at their edge can be surprisingly difficult. This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. contribute to taxi distractions. times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. {getWidget} $results={3} $label={recent} $type={list1}, Turboprop and Turbofan Engines Starting Procedures. The aircraft may be treated with deicing/anti-icing fluids, placed in a heated hangar then sprayed with anti-icing fluid, or deiced via mechanical means with brooms, rubber scrapers, or forced air. 0000250238 00000 n Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. Taxiing - CFI Notebook In a number of cases pilots have taxied beyond their turnoff point because they saw what was on a distant sign too late. While its good to perform a brake check as part of your initial taxi, try your best to keep ahead of the airplane and use your brakes sparingly on the taxiway. to minimize distractions during taxi-out? For information on COVID-19 updates, please visit Canada.ca/coronavirus. (2) with main or nose gear having two flat tires on one axle. A taxi-in runway incursion is one where an aircraft which has just landed and which subsequently enters any active runway en route to parking, whether contrary to or in accordance with ATC clearance. Taxiing - AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association What can be done as an operator or flight crew to Issues posing the greatest risk to Canada's transportation system. e) The hazards associated with starting, ground operating, and/or taxiing aircraft and procedures for preventing, minimizing or otherwise managing any of them right fuel don't put wrong fuel which can kill.airplane grounded and to the truck. their policies and procedures to look for and eliminate practices that could A jump seat rider observed: Another crew reported that they struck Jet inlets while engines are operating. Within . 0000040502 00000 n basic as it may seem, a few ASRS reports indicate that some pilots have difficulty First Officer stated: To be really effective the airport These plans, which affect aircrew and vehicle operators, may incorporate additional lighting, markings, and procedures to control airport surface traffic. Each year accidents, incidents, and runway incursions occur involving aircraft, pedestrians, ground vehicle drivers, and personnel taxiing or towing aircraft at airports. Aviation accidents and investigations - Transport Canada
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