The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. What is the chemical composition for apple? - Quora Based on this premise, a study was conducted in Brazil on 49 overweight women with high blood cholesterol levels to determine the effect of fruit intake on blood lipids and body weight (70). There was a 27 and 28% lower risk of type 2 diabetes associated with the consumption of 26 apples/wk or 1 apple/d, respectively, compared to no apple consumption. A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. It has been proposed that assessment of total oxidant scavenging activity might overcome the inconsistencies observed in other assays. There has been a growing appreciation and understanding of the link between fruit and vegetable consumption and improved health. An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. It was also found that the effect of apple procyanidins on apoptosis was enhanced by a known compound that inactivates polyamine oxidase, leading the authors to conclude that apple procyanidins might be considered as a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer by these mechanisms. We can found it in plant cell wall. A crossover study of ex vivo data examined the effect of a bolus of apple (600 g of homogenized unpeeled apples) in a small group of young healthy males in Italy (n = 6) (38). It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Iodine solution, alcohol solution. A study in Oregon involved testing 6 healthy participants (3 men and 3 women) after they consumed 5 apples (flesh and skin, 1037 38 g) (39). Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. (11) in Germany used apple extracts fermented in vitro with human fecal flora to examine effects of the fermentation products on cultured HT29 and LT97 cells (the latter, a colon adenoma cell line representing early premalignant tumor development). Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. Chemical composition of apple juice concentrate Ogino et al. Natural chemicals in an apple Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. (PDF) Chemical Composition of the Fruits of Several Apple Cultivars Anywhoo . Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. Even less is known about the complex interactions between isolated constituents, but it is speculated that the synergistic interactions and balance of nutrients in native AP are difficult to duplicate experimentally (27). Many investigators have taken great care to control for confounding variables known to affect lung health, but it is likely that unknown dietary and lifestyle factors have important effects. Chemical analysis of apple juice showed that the levels of organic acids, sugars and soluble pectin differed between cultivars. The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. A case-control study from the UK also did not show a protective effect of apples on risk of developing asthma (58). Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. Interestingly, a subsequent analysis of this work showed that urate, but not ascorbate, levels were correlated with the increase in FRAP (39). (27) treated rats with a carcinogenic agent (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) to induce mammary tumors and then fed extracts of whole apples by gavage to the animals. A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Polyphenolic compounds account for the color, flavor, taste, and metabolic activity of plant-based foods as well as the putative health benefits to humans. Pre- and poststudy values were compared to assess antioxidant activity in the participants' erythrocytes and plasma. The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. Other reports have indicated that apple intake is associated with reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. In the United States, twenty-two percent of the phenolics consumed from fruits are from apples making them the largest source of phenolics [13]. These data support prior observations that complete mixtures of phytochemicals in AP are more effective than individual components tested alone. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the correlation between phenolic content, enzymatic activity and browning MartinaPersic MajaMikulic-Petkovsek AnaSlatnar RobertVeberic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.017 Get rights and content Apple fruit, pomace and juice characterized by different phenolic groups. filtered tea. The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). There is no detailed breakdown of the relative proportion of apples compared to pears, but the authors noted that in general hard fruits were consumed in greater quantities than all other subgroups of fruit. Follow-up work with this model to further characterize the effects of the fresh apple extract demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of markers of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and down regulation of the cell cycle in mammary tumor cells (cyclin D1 protein expression) (28). There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. Table 1 is an attempt to summarize research studies of the last 10 years which are related, with different degrees, to sweet taste perception in apple. The loss of bone mass is associated with osteoporosis and is viewed by some as a global epidemic. Apple Waste: A Sustainable Source of Carbon Materials and Valuable I. Several investigations have used cultured colonic cells, both healthy and cancer-derived cells lines, representing various developmental stages, to examine the in vitro effects of AP on cancer-related processes. In a follow-up study, the above investigators developed reconstituted mixtures including 5 major apple-derived compounds to determine the relative antioxidant contribution of selected polyphenolics (20). The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. However, when these mice received apple juice concentrate diluted in drinking water (0.5%) for 1 mo (equivalent to human consumption of 23 eight-ounce glasses of apple juice/d), there was a significant improvement in cognitive-related performance and reduced prooxidative status compared to controls (59). Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. Polysaccharides extracted from mulberry fruits (Morus nigra L.): antioxidant effect of ameliorating H. Predictors and characteristics of Rib fracture following SBRT for lung tumors. Add a Comment. The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. In a 100 gram (ml) reference amount, it provides 22 calories, with negligible content of micronutrients. Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). Apple intake of >31.2 g/d (i.e. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? In a separate study, Shaheen et al. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism.Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. HT29 cells, as well as a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 were the models in a study of the effects of extracts of 10 fruits, including apple peel (Malus domestica) (21). More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. Early work suggested a potential association between AP intake and reduced risk of coronary artery disease, lung cancer, asthma, and diabetes. Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. Peri L, Pietraforte D, Scorza G, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Minetti M. Supported in part by the United States Apple Association and the Apple Products Research and Education Council. Whereas it has been argued that the low bioavailability of most flavonoids results in plasma concentrations that are well below the levels needed to exert antioxidant effects (41), others attribute the antioxidant capacity of fruit, including AP, to the flavonoid content, particularly the high procyanidin levels. Checkmate, atheists. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 36%. Given: a chemical substance. The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. The effect was mediated by apple phenolics but particularly chlorogenic acid and (+)-catechin (5 mol/L). A recent study in hamsters evaluated the effects of adding daily apples and apple juice (pressed from fresh apples) to an atherogenic diet on lipids, oxidative markers, and early aortic lesions (47). Adapted with permission from (4). The physical and chemical characteristics determined were, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity. The authors concluded that these compounds could be partially responsible for the anticancer activities associated with AP. It is estimated that one-third of all cancer deaths could be prevented by improved diet, particularly increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (13). The only ingredients that are supposed to be in an apple are sunlight, natural goodness, health, positivity, happiness, and a little bit of love. (53) recently published a follow-up analysis of an earlier study in which they demonstrated a protective effect of apple consumption on asthma (54).
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