On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. But kill them all! He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. 2. For Le Monde, Youness Bousenna interviews Jrmie Foa, current Member in the School of Historical Studies, about his book on the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre:. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. It seems probable that a signal was given by ringing bells for matins (between midnight and dawn) at the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, near the Louvre, which was the parish church of the kings of France. 188, The Teaching of Jesus According to the Gospel of Matthew 197, Funerary Stele of Aurelius Secundus with his Wife and Child 209, Saint Augustine From The City of God and Confessions 210, The Creed and Canons of the Roman Church 216, Gregory of Tours From History of the Franks 226, Chapter 7 Rome's Three Heirs, 500-950 232, Mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (c. 500) 234, The Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople (754) and the Second Council of Nicaea (787) 235, From The Quran, as Revealed to Muhammad 241, Ibn Fadlan An Arabic View of the Viking Rus' 248, Bede From A History of the English Church and People 253, From The Anglo-Saxon Translation of the Book of Genesis 257, Chapter 8 The Expansion of Europe, 950-1100 268, Fulcher of Chartres From Chronicle of the First Crusade 269, From The Anonymous of Mainz: A Hebrew Account of the First Crusade 286, An Ibn Al-Athir An Arabic Account of the First Crusade 292, Chapter 9 The Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250 301, Guibert of Nogent On the Uprising of the Laon Commune and the Murder of Bishop Gaudry 309, Hildegard of Bingen Letter to the Clergy of Mainz 317, The Persecution of Jews and the Jewish Badge 321, The Magna Carta: The "Great Charter" of 1215 322, Chapter 10 The Medieval World, 1250-1350 337, Marco Polo Prologue to The Description of the World 338, Pope Boniface VIII Papal Bull Unam Sanctam 352, Dante Alighieri From The Divine Comedy 354, Giovanni Boccaccio From The Decameron 359, Chapter 11 Rebirth and Unrest, 1350-1453 364, Geoffrey Chaucer From The Canterbury Tales: "The Pardoner's Tale" 365, Christine De Pisan From The Book of the City of Ladies 383, Petrarch From Letters to Classical Authors 391, The Siege of Constantinople and the Sultan's Treaty with the Genoese 402, Chapter 12 Innovation and Exploration, 1453-1533 408, Vasco Da Gama Reactions to Indigenous Peoples, 1497-1498 410, Christopher Columbus Letter on His First Voyage 414, Baldesar Castiglione From The Book of the Courtier 422, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola From "Oration on the Dignity of Man" 428, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam From Ten Colloquies 434, Chapter 13 The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500-1564 444, Martin Luther From The Large Catechism, 1530 445, Martin Luther From On the Jews and Their Lies 450, John Calvin From Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, September and October 1541 456, John Calvin From Letter to a French Seigneur, 1548 460, Saint Ignatius of Loyola From The Spiritual Exercises 463, The Miracle of St. Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1620) 465, Saint Francis Xavier Reflections on Native Peoples as Contained in Francis's "Letter from India" 466, Woodcut of Argula Von Grumbach Before the Doctors of Theology 475, Chapter 14 Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550-1660 481, Giovanni Michiel From A Venetian Ambassadors Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 484, Reginald Scot From Discoverie of Witchcraft 486, The Plundering and Burning of a Village, A Hanging, and Peasants Avenge Themselves (1633) 494, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne From "Of Cannibals" 499, The "Armada Portrait" of Queen Elizabeth (c. 1588) 504, Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 505, Chapter 15 European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660-1725 509, Thomas Mun From England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or, The Ballance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of our Treasure 517, Louis XIV Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 521, John Locke From Two Treatises of Government 533, Palace and Gardens of Versailles (1668) 535, Adam Smith From The Wealth of Nations 544, Catherine the Great From Proposals for a New Code of Law 552, Chapter 16 The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 555, Nicolaus Copernicus From Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs 556, Galileo Galilei From The Starry Messenger and The Assayer 562, On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) 563, Margaret Cavendish From Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". The murder of thous We are processing your request. Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. CHP. 14 - WC 102.docx - Giovanni Michiel - St. Bartholomew's Day King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . [10], The court itself was extremely divided. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. King from 1556 to 1598. Bloodshed continued in Paris even after a royal order of August 25 to stop the killing, and it spread to the provinces. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. [97], On 23 August 1997, Pope John Paul II, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. On August 20, he left the capital and retired to Chantilly. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. [citation needed] The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. [76] The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.[77][78][79]. The Guise family (strongly Catholic) was out of favour at the French court; the Huguenot leader, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, was readmitted into the king's council in September 1571. 5, From Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Urim 6, Letters of Royal Women of the Old Babylonian Period 27, Chapter 2 Peoples, Cods, and Empires, 1700-500 B.C.E. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. PDF The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - REFORMATION [6] The Parlement's opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension. Roberts, Yvonne. Shortly before dawn on August 24 the bell of Saint-Germain-lAuxerrois began to toll and the massacre began. Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. [28], Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on August 24 to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict,[29] from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Bourges, Rouen,[30] Political Responses . 1. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. 130, Chapter 4 The Greek World Expands, 400-150 B.C.E. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. 33. C. The third round, France : Calvinists vs. Catholics [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property.
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